Mrs. Walker\’s Lessons

FAMILY LIFE WEEK!!!!Monday:We will discuss the endocrine system and its functions in girls and boys. Students will play jeoardy on the parts of the endocrine system. Students will draw and label the endocrine glands. (6.4.2)Tuesday: We will discuss how traits are passed from one generation to the other. Students will demonstrate how half the traits come from one parent and half come from the other. Students will make a graph on classroom traits. (6.4.2)Wednesday:Students will learn how the father’s sperm cell and the mother’s ovum provide half the chromosomes to carry out a trait. Students will discuss sex-linked traits. Students will complete an activity to show how bean seeds inherit colorl. (6.4.2, 6.4.3)Thursday:Students will discuss how AIDS and HIV are spread and how to prevent the spread. Students will make a pledge to NEVER do things if they want to prevent the spread of AIDS. Students will take the Family Life Test. (6.4.0) 

TCAP WEEK!!!!  Make sure your child is going to bed early and eating a well-balanced breakfast.We will be on an abbreviated schedule all week due to testing.  When we have science, we will be completing a lab called “Metric Olympics.”  When we finish, we will begin chapter 17 on the Electromagnectic Spectrum and interactions of light. 

Monday: STudents will demonstrate eclipses, tide, seasons, moon phases, rotation, revolution, and orbit.  When done we will watch Brainpops on refraction, light, rainbow, heat, and forms of energy.HW: get ThinkLink results signed by Wednesday.  Study for test tomorrow.  Bring in extra credit items!  Tuesday: STudents will take a test over positions of the sun, earth, and moon, and light interactions.  When done, we will split up into pairs and be assigned an s.p.i. to present.HW: Get thinklink results signed by tomorrow.  Bring in extra credit. Wednesday: Students will work on their presentations of their assigned s.p.i.  We will also watch Brainpop videos on vision problems, eyes, telescopes, and cameras.  HW: Bring in extra credit. Thursday: Students will present their s.p.i.  Friday: Students will complete a lab on convex and concave mirrors/lenses in the book 

Monday: Students will finish their drawing of the seasons.  When done we will discuss the different tides and the force responsible.  We will also review the position of the sun, Earth, and moon at each eclipse, moon phase, rotation, revolution, orbit, and season.Tuesday: Students will have a quiz over the position of the Earth, sun, and moon.  When done we will discuss how mirrors and lenses work by using pages 520-527.  Students will get to experiment with concave and convex lenses and mirrors.Wednesday: We will review mirrors and lenses and discuss how our eye works on pages 527-529.  we will complete the lab on page 536.Thursday: Students will have a test over heat, light, lenses, mirrors, and the position of the sun, earth, and moon.  After the test, we will begin our s.p.i. review.  Each student will get an s.p.i. covered this year to review and reteach to the class.  Students should be as creative as possible in their presentation.  They can do a demonstration, a skit, a song/rap/poem, write a story, make a comic, illustrate the concept, etc.  This will count as a lab grade.  The presentations will begin tomorrow.Friday: S.p.i. review presentations!!! 

Monday: Bellringer: Students will complete some practice questions on Adaptation.  STudents will review parts of a wave and energy.  After the review, students will take a quiz over energy.  After quiz, students will review the ThinkLink Test 3 questions. 6.5.1, 6.5.2, 6.14.2, 6.14.4, 6.14.3Tuesday:  Bellringer:  Students will complete some practice questions on classification .  Students will discuss conductors vs. insulators and how heat is transferred from one object to another.  We will observe some demonstrations in the lab.  6.14.1, 6.5.3Wednesday: Bellringer: Students will complete some practice questions on organism interaction.  We will review how heat is transferred and discuss the interactions of light.  Students will demonstrate reflection with a mirror and flashlight, refraction with a prism and flashlight, and absorption with a flashlight.Thursday: Bellringer: Students will complete a practice COACH packet on Adaptations, pgs. 66-71.  We will review the interactions of light and take a quiz over heat and light interactions.  After quiz, students will begin a COACH post-test packet (1-32) for a grade. 6.5.1, 6.5.2, 6.14.1, 6.14.4Friday: Bellringer: Students will complete a practice COACH packet on Classification, pgs. 72-78.  Students will finish the COACH post-test.  When done, we will discuss the 4 seasons and the position of the EArth in each one.  sTudents will draw a diagram and include key points at each position to support why it is that season.  ALL s.p.i.’s.Tuesday:  

Monday: Students will present their assigned time period timeline.  When done we will discuss different religions and their founders (Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Moses, Jesus, Mohammed)  Students will compare/contrast these religions.  6.1.3Tuesday: Review time periods and religions for a quiz.  After quiz, students will work on Atlas activities 19-21.Wednesday: Students will finish their Atlas activities and check them in class.  Students will use their textbook to find how key groups impacted world history (Muslims, Christians, Mongolians, Vikings, slave traders, explorers, merchants/traders, inventors ) 6.6.1Thursday: SpanishFriday: Students will continue with Wednesday’s textbook activity. 

Monday: Students will split up into groups to research key artifacts and writing related to a specified civilization (Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Chines, Native American, Medieval, and Renaissance) 6.5.3, 6.5.4Tuesday: Students will continue to organize their information for their assigned civilization.  We will begin presenting today.Wednesday: We will present and discuss the differences.  Tomorrow will be a quiz over the content presented.Thursday: STudents will take a quiz over artifacts and writing for different civilizations.  When done, we will recognize major historical time periods in small groups. (Early, Classical Period, Dark AGes, Middle Ages, and Renaissance) 6.5.7Friday: Guidance and we will continue researching historical time periods. 

CHAPTER 12 NOTES

Energy: the ability to do work.

Work: what you are doing.

You need energy to do work.  With no energy, work cannot be done.  Imagine when you are tired.  It is very difficult to do work whether it is physical or mental.  In order to gain some energy you need to eat something healthy or get some sleep.  It’s like recharging your own personal battery.

Potential energy vs. kinetic energy

Potential energy is energy stored based on the objects mass and/or position. 

Kinetic energy is energy of motion.

Mechanical energy is the total amount of energy of an object whether it is in motion or at rest.  Mechanical energy can be all potential, all kinetic, or some of both.

You can increase the potential of something by changing its position or adding mass.  This in turn will give the object more kinetic energy.

As an object moves its energy transfers from potential to kinetic.  The potential an object starts with will never be gained again unless you add another force to it.  For example on a rollercoaster.  In order to get the car to its greatest potential, a motor pulls the car to the top of the biggest hill.  The car will never reach the height of the first hill because its energy is being transferred to kinetic as it goes through the rest of its hills and loops.  You would need to push the car or have another motor pull the car back to more potential.  Some of the energy is transferred to heat due to friction, the opposing force of motion between two surfaces that are touching.  In this case it is the wheels and the track.  You can increase the potential of this rollercoaster by making the first hill higher or increase the mass of the car. 

Law of conservation of energy:  energy can be neither created nor destroyed.  It can only be transferred.  As it transfers, the total amount will always be the same as long as it is in a closed system (well-defined group of objects that transfers energy between one another).

All energy involves either motion or position.  They types of energy are:

1. Thermal: the total energy of the particles that make up an object.  The energy will be more if the temperature is higher because the particles that make up the object will be moving faster.  The heat given off from the movement of particles is what will be transferred to other objects.  (See the Laws of Thermodynamics below for more information on heat transfer)
2. Chemical: energy of a compound that changes as its atoms are rearranged to form new compounds.  This is a form of potential energy.  If you have more atoms bonded together, the amount of chemical energy will be more.  Examples: food, batteries, plants undergoing photosynthesis.
3. Electrical: energy of moving electrons. 
4. Sound: an object’s vibrations cause air particles to vibrate .
5. Light: vibrations of electrically charge particles.  Air particles do not vibrate with light energy.  Light energy can travel through a vacuum.
6. Nuclear: energy associated with changes in the nucleus of an atom.  This can occur during fusion (two nuclei fuse or join together) or during fission (one nucleus splits apart).  Examples: The sun uses nuclear fusion in the core to give off its energy and nuclear power plants use nuclear fission with uranium to create large amounts of energy.

Energy transfers from one form to the other.  When there is a transfer, the amount of energy should remain the same or close to the same.  Whenever there is energy, some is always transferred to heat which is never gained back.

Laws of Thermodynamics (flow of heat)

Zeroth Law: If two things have the same temperature (thermal equilibrium), no heat will flow between them.

First Law: Energy is always conserved (always adds up) throughout the universe. 

Second Law: Whenever we use energy, some of it becomes heat.

This law has taken away the dreams of many who believed that there could be a perpetual motion machine.  This is a machine that would put out exactly as much energy as it takes in.  So it would always move.  But, because some is transferred to thermal energy it will always need more.  Bummer!

Third Law: At absolute zero, all motion stops, but we can never quite get there.  (look on page 392 in your book)

Energy conversions are a change from one form of energy to another. 

Think about the pendulum we hung from the ceiling.  If I raised the ball higher, I gave it more potential.  As I released the ball, the pendulum swung away from me changed into kinetic energy.  When it reached its highest peak again it went back to potential.  This continued until the transfer slowed down the pendulum because some of the energy transferred heat to the air particles around it and to the string holding the ball.

Green plants use chlorophyll and light energy from the sun to produce the chemical energy in the food you eat.  This energy is then transferred into kinetic energy when we do work and also thermal energy in order to maintain our body temperature.

An alarm clock uses electrical energy to change into light and sound energy. 

A battery uses chemical energy to change into electrical energy.

A light bulb uses electrical energy to change into light and thermal energy.

A blender uses electrical energy to change into kinetic energy and sound energy.

ENERGY RESOURCES:

-       a natural resource that can be converted by humans into other forms of energy in order to do useful work.

We are constantly trying to find other sources in order to replace those we run out of.

Nonerenewable resources cannot be replaced after they are used or can be replaces only over thousands or millions of years. 

Example: Fossil fuels, energy resources that formed from the buried remains of plants an animals that lived millions of years ago.  These are coal, petroleum, and natural gas. 

Most of our coal use is for electrical power.  Petroleum is mostly used for gasoline, kerosene, and wax.  Natural gas is used in our homes for the stove and heating systems.

Nuclear energy is considered a use of nonrenewable resources because our supply of uranium is limited. 

Renewable resources can be used and replaced in nature over a relatively short period of time.  We use solar energy for power, energy from water, energy from wind, energy from within the Earth’s crust, and from plants or other organic matter called biomass. 

All types of resources have their good and bad.  Look on page 351 for more information.

Monday: STudents will check the Atlas activity on Ancient Greece from Friday.  Students will then read and discuss section 1 of chapter 7.Tuesday: Students will make a chart comparing and contrasting the Minoans and Myceneans.  We will read lesson 2 of chapter 7.  Students will then get into small groups to reinact the rise of Greece.Wednesday: STudents will perform their skits.  WE will discuss the key points.  When done, students will complete 2 handouts over lesson 1 and 2.Thursday: Spanish!Friday: Students will paint/draw a mural of the Golden Age of Athens.   

CHAPTER 9 NOTES“A Family of Planets”Section 1: “The Nine Planets”- Galileo was the first one to study the planets using a telescope. Galileo discovered Jupiter’s four largest moons due to the telescope.- Scientists measure the distance in space by using astronomical units or the distance between Earth and the Sun.- Scientists also use the distance light travels to measure distance in space. Light travels at about 300,000 km per second in space. This means that in 1 second light travels 300,000 km or 7.5 times around Earth.- In one minute, light travles almost 18,000,000 km or one light-minute.-It takes light 8.3 minutes to reach Earth. The distance for Earth to the sun is 8.3 light-minutes.-Distances in the solar system are measured in light-minutes, and light-hours.-Distances between the stars is measured in light-years.INNER PLANETS:1. A.K.A. Terrestrial planets because they are small, dense, and rocky.2. They are spaced close together.3. The planets are:- Mercury– Venus- Earth- MarsOUTER PLANETS:1. A.K.A. gas giants except for Pluto because they are large planets that don’t have any known solid surfaces.2. They are spaced out in the solar system.3. The planets are:- Jupiter- Saturn- Uranus- Neptune- PlutoPlanet Comparisons(Surface gravity is pull of gravity from a surface. The smaller the planet, the less the pull of gravity there is)(Rotation is the spin of the object in space)(Period of Rotation is the amount of time it takes for an object to rotate once)(Orbit is the pathway an object takes as it revolves around another object in space)(Revolution is the motion of the body as it orbits another body in space)(Period of revolution is the time it takes for an object to revolve around the sun once)*MERCURY:-The days on Mercury are equal to 59 Earth Days. This is because Mercury spins on its axis much more slowly than Earth.-Every 88 Earth days, Mercury completes one revolution around the sun.VENUS:- Similar to Earth (a.k.a. Earth’s twin)- Earth and Venus are about the same size, mass, and density.- Sun rises in the west and sets in the East- Venus rotates in the opposite direction of Earth.- Venus rotates in a retrograde rotation or clockwise direction as appeared from the Northern pole of the planet.- Earth rotates in a prograde rotation because it spins clockwise when viewed from the North pole.- Densest terrestrial planet- Consists mostly of Carbon Dioxide, but also some of the most corrosive acids known.- Surface temperature is so high on Venus due to the greenhouse effect and the Carbon Dioxide. The temperature can reach 464 degrees C.- Hottest surface of any planet- Venus has an active surface like Earth. Figure 6 shows massive lava flows on Venus.EARTH:- Also called “An oasis in space”- The temperatures are warm enough to prevent water from freezing and cool enough to prevent boiling.- Water was the key to life forming and it is important for survival of living things.- We study Earth from space to see the impact humans have on the environment and how weather, climate, and pollution interact.MARS:- Called the red planet- Most studied planet in the solar system.- Temperature is very cold.- Pressure is very low so we would have trouble breathing there.- Water on Mars is frozen and dry river beds remain from where there once was water.-Mars is very rocky and has a volcanic system ranging 8,000 km across the surface.OUTER PLANETS- called the Gas Giants because they are made of gas.-Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.-Pluto is icy so it is not in this group.- All gas giants have rings.JUPITER:- Called a Giant-made of Hydrogen and Helium mainly and the outer atmosphere is made of layerd clouds of water, methane, and ammonia.- the beautiful colors of Jupiter is due to the amounts of organic compounds.- The Great Red Spot is a long-lasting storm system which has a diameter of about one and a half times that of Earth.- the pressure changes on Jupiter change the liquid Hydrogen into a metallic liquid state.- Jupiter radiates much more energy into space than it gets from the sun because energy is continuously transferred from the interior to the exterior.SATURN:- 2nd largest planet- Made mostly of Hydrogen and Helium, with methane, ammonia, and ethane in the upper atmosphere.- Saturn gives off a lot more energy than received just like Jupiter. Scientists believe this is due to the helium raining out of the atmosphere and sinking to the core. In other words, Saturn is still forming.-Saturn has the largest rings.-The rings are made of icy particles that range in size from a few centimeters to several meters across.URANUS:- called a small giant- discovered by William Herschel in 1781.- atmosphere is made up of hydrogen and methane gase which absorbs the red part of sunlight strongly.-Has similar density to Saturn and Jupiter so it suggests lower percentages of light elements and more water in the interior.-Uranus is tipped over on its side-its axis of rotation is tilted almost 90 degrees and lies almost inteh plane of its orbit. So it lies parallel to the orbit instead of perpendicular. For part of a year on Uranus, one pole points toward to the sun while the other is in complete darkness. Scientists believe that Uranus was hit by a massive object causing it to tilt.NEPTUNE:- called the Blue World- causes Uranus to move off its predictable path because its pull of gravity.- Neptune’s atmosphere is like Uranus except it contains a belt of clouds that are more visible.-Had a great dark spot like Jupiter’s red spot.-Its interior releases energy to the outer layers, which helps the warm gases rise and the cool gases sink. This sets up the wind patterns of the atmospher and creates the belts of clouds.PLUTO:- The farthest planet from the sun and the smallest.- Pluto’s moon is more than half its size. The largest satellite in the solar system as far as its relationship to the planet.- Pluto is composed of rock and ice.- Its atmosphere is of methane and is thin.- Pluto is covered by nitrogen ice and its moon, Charon, is covered by water ice.SECTION 2: MOONS (pg. 243)-Satellites are natural or artificial bodies that revolve around larger bodies like planets.- Mercury and Venus have no moons.EARTH’S MOON: LUNA-Luna’s density is much less than Earth’s, which means it has a lower percentage of heavy elements than Earth.- Samples show that the moon’s composition is similar to Earth’s mantle. The samples also show that the moon is 4.6 billion years old. This also implies that the solar system is the same age.- Surfaces with no atmosphere show all records of impacts had with other objects.In other words you can look at the surface of the moon is see its history.- Scientists are able to count the craters on Luna and use that number estimate how old other satellites are.-The theory of the moon’s formation as of now is that a mars-sized object collided with Earth while the Earth was still forming. This collision was so violent that part of Earth’s mantle was blasted into orbit around Earth.Phases of the Moon:- The changing appearance of the moon is due to its changing position in relation to the Earth and sun. As the moon revolves around Earth, the amount of sunlight on the side of the moon that faces Earth changes.-Phases are the different appearances of the moon due to its changing position.-A waxing moon means that the sunlit fraction we see from Earth is getting larger.(think of waxing on more light)-A waning moon means that the sunlit fraction is getting smaller.-Remember that half of the moon is always in sunlight, just like Earth always has half in sunlight.-Because the moon has the same period of rotation and period of revolution, we always see the same side of the moon from Earth.Phase order:New MoonWaxing crescentFirst quarterWaxing gibbousFull moonWaning gibbousLast quarterWaning crescentEclipse (black out)- An eclipse occurs when the shadow of one celestial falls on another.-A lunar(Luna-our moon) eclipse happens when the Earth comes between the sun and the moon, and the shadow of the Earth falls on the moon.-A solar eclipse happens when the moon comes between the Earth and the sun, and the shadow of the moon falls on part of Earth.OTHER MOONS:-All of the gas giants have multiple moons and some are still being discovered.-Some moons have very elongated or elliptical orbits and some revolve around their planet backward. Many of the small moons may be captured asteroids.MARS:-2 moons (Phobos and Deimos)-The surface is similar to asteroids.JUPITER:-28 or more moons-4 largest: Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa.-Ganymede is the largest and larger than Mercury. The smaller ones are likely to be asteroids.-Io is bizarre because it experiences a tug-of-war between Jupiter and Europa. This tugging stretches Io and causes it to heat up, which makes it the most volcanically active body in the solar system.-Europa pictures support the idea of liquid water lieing beneath the moon’s icy surface.SATURN:-30 known moons-Most of the moons are small bodies made mostly of water ice with some rocky material-Titan is the largest satellite and its atmosphere is similar to Earth’s before life began.URANUS:-21 moons-the 4 largest are made of ice and rock and heavily cratered.-Miranda is the smallest. Its surface is smooth, cratered plains as well as regions with grooves and cliffs up to 20 km high.NEPTUNE:-8 moons-Triton is the largest and revolves in retrograde or backwards orbit. This suggests it may hhave been captured by Neptune’s gravity. Triton has a very thin atmosphere made mostly of nitrogen gas. The surface consists mainly of frozen nitrogen and methane, The surface is active and shoots nitrogen gas into the atmosphere.-The other 7 are rocky worlds.PLUTO:-One moon-Charon-Charon’s period of revolution is the same as Pluto’s period of rotation-6.4 days. This means one side of Pluto always faces Charon. This would be like Earth’s moon never moving. It would stay in the same spot.-Charon’s orbit around Pluto is tilted so sometimes, Pluto is eclipsed by Charon. This happens once every 120 years.SECTION 3:SMall Bodies in the Solar SystemComets:-Comets are small bodies of ice, rock, and cosmic dust loosely packed together.-Also called dirty snowballs.-They come from the cold outer solar system.Comet tails-When a comet passes close enough to the sun, solar radiation heats the water ice so that the comet gives off gas and dust in the form of a long tail.-A comet can have 2 tails-an ion tail and a dust tail.-The ion tail is made of electrically charged particles called ions.-The solid center of a comet is the nucleus.Comet orbits-Highly elliptical or very elongated.-The comet’s ion tail always points directly away from the sun because it is blown away from the sun by solar wind.Comet origins:-Scientists think comets come from the Oort Cloud which surrounds the solar system.-When gravity of passing planets or stars disturb the cloud, comets can be pulled in toward the sun.-Kuiper Belt also consists of comets. It is located outside the orbit of Neptune.ASTEROIDS-Asteroids are small, rocky bodies in orbit around the sun.-Asteroid belt is the region between Mars and Jupiter where most asteroids orbit.-Asteroids are thought to be leftovers form the formation of the solar system,METEROIDS-A meteoroid is a small, rocky body orbiting the sunl. They are similar to asteroids, but much smaller. Most probably came from asteroids.-A meteorite is when a meteoroid enters Earth’s atmosphere and strikes the ground. When this happens the meteoroid is traveling so fast that it heats up and melts. As it burns up it glows red hot and gives off an enormous amount of light. We see this as spectacular streak of light.-A meteor is the bright light caused by the meteoroid or comet dust burning up in the atmosphere.Meteor showers occur when Earth passes through the dusty debris leftg behind in the orbit of a comet.Impacts:Planets and moons that have no atmosphere have more impact craters.Earth’s moon has more impact craters than Earth because it has no atmosphere or tectonic activity. Earth’s atmosphere serves as a shield and any object that reaches its surface burn up. The craters Earth once had have been weathered, eroded, or erased by tectonic activity.